=head1 NAME

perlpragma - how to write a user pragma

=head1 DESCRIPTION

A pragma is a module which influences some aspect of the compile time or run
time behaviour of Perl, such as C<strict> or C<warnings>. With Perl 5.10 you
are no longer limited to the built in pragmata; you can now create user
pragmata that modify the behaviour of user functions within a lexical scope.

=head1 A basic example

For example, say you need to create a class implementing overloaded
mathematical operators, and would like to provide your own pragma that
functions much like C<use integer;> You'd like this code

    use MyMaths;
    
    my $l = MyMaths->new(1.2);
    my $r = MyMaths->new(3.4);
    
    print "A: ", $l + $r, "\n";
    
    use myint;
    print "B: ", $l + $r, "\n";
    
    {
        no myint;
        print "C: ", $l + $r, "\n";
    }
    
    print "D: ", $l + $r, "\n";
    
    no myint;
    print "E: ", $l + $r, "\n";

to give the output

    A: 4.6
    B: 4
    C: 4.6
    D: 4
    E: 4.6

I<i.e.>, where C<use myint;> is in effect, addition operations are forced
to integer, whereas by default they are not, with the default behaviour being
restored via C<no myint;>

The minimal implementation of the package C<MyMaths> would be something like
this:

    package MyMaths;
    use warnings;
    use strict;
    use myint();
    use overload '+' => sub {
        my ($l, $r) = @_;
	# Pass 1 to check up one call level from here
        if (myint::in_effect(1)) {
            int($$l) + int($$r);
        } else {
            $$l + $$r;
        }
    };
    
    sub new {
        my ($class, $value) = @_;
        bless \$value, $class;
    }
    
    1;

Note how we load the user pragma C<myint> with an empty list C<()> to
prevent its C<import> being called.

The interaction with the Perl compilation happens inside package C<myint>:

    package myint;
    
    use strict;
    use warnings;
    
    sub import {
        $^H{myint} = 1;
    }
    
    sub unimport {
        $^H{myint} = 0;
    }
    
    sub in_effect {
        my $level = shift // 0;
        my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
        return $hinthash->{myint};
    }
    
    1;

As pragmata are implemented as modules, like any other module, C<use myint;>
becomes

    BEGIN {
        require myint;
        myint->import();
    }

and C<no myint;> is

    BEGIN {
        require myint;
        myint->unimport();
    }

Hence the C<import> and C<unimport> routines are called at B<compile time>
for the user's code.

User pragmata store their state by writing to the magical hash C<%^H>,
hence these two routines manipulate it. The state information in C<%^H> is
stored in the optree, and can be retrieved at runtime with C<caller()>, at
index 10 of the list of returned results. In the example pragma, retrieval
is encapsulated into the routine C<in_effect()>, which takes as parameter
the number of call frames to go up to find the value of the pragma in the
user's script. This uses C<caller()> to determine the value of
C<$^H{myint}> when each line of the user's script was called, and
therefore provide the correct semantics in the subroutine implementing the
overloaded addition.

=head1 Implementation details

The optree is shared between threads.  This means there is a possibility that
the optree will outlive the particular thread (and therefore the interpreter
instance) that created it, so true Perl scalars cannot be stored in the
optree.  Instead a compact form is used, which can only store values that are
integers (signed and unsigned), strings or C<undef> - references and
floating point values are stringified.  If you need to store multiple values
or complex structures, you should serialise them, for example with C<pack>.
The deletion of a hash key from C<%^H> is recorded, and as ever can be
distinguished from the existence of a key with value C<undef> with
C<exists>.
